Science Lab

Purpose: To find out the densities and to find out the name of the unknown metals. (Based on the extensive and intensive properties) Check up the words mass, volume, density, extensive properties, and intensive properties. Where do the units for mass and volume) come from and what do they mean? What is the density of distilled water? What is Archimedes principle? Does temperature affect the density of a solid? Liquid? Gas? Materials: Safety glasses, 10, 25 or 50 mL graduated cylindersDistilled water Metal Samples W, X,Y & Z Procedure: 1. Class split into 5 groups. Every group will get data for four metals and tell it to the class 2. Choose a metal sample for every group then pass it around between groups. 3. Set a number of your metal sample and record the mass in the table. 4. Get a gradated cylinder with distilled water, but not to much to make it over flow when sample is put in. Record the amount of water in the cylinder accurately 5.Then tip the cylinder to about 45 degrees t hen put sample into it slowly, DON’T spill any water or have to restart. Make sure no air bubbles are clinging. Then take down final volume of water cylinder. 6. Dump the water out, then dry sample off. 7. Repeat this over with the other metal samples. * Hypothesis: * My hypothesis is that even though I will find the densities and names of the unknown metals its not going to be accurate because some water will spill out.Many people are going to come up with the different names because they aren’t care full enough. Mass of metal | | | | | | Initial volume of water | | | | | | Final volume | | | | | | Volume of metal | | | | | | ExperimentalDensity of metal | | | | | | Group Data| | | | | | | Metal W| Metal X| Metal Y| Metal Z| | Class Data: Mass and Volumes of each groups’ metal samples| Lab Group| Metal W| Metal X| Metal Y| Metal Z| 1| | | | | | | | | 2| | | | | | | | | 3| | | | | | | | | 4| | | | | | | | | 5| | | | | | | | | Total *| | | | | | | | | Class Exp.D ensity *| | | | | * 1. Show an example of how your group calculated the experimental densities of your group samples and the class samples. 1. Graph the class data using mass as the x axis and volume as the y axis, (title the graph and make a legend or key for the various metal samples). 1. Compare your group’s experimental density to that of the class’s experimental density from the graph and make comment as to their relative accuracies. 1.Research the possible identities of the metals based on their extensive properties (density, radioactivity, heat capacity, conductivity, lethal exposure/dosage, etc. ) and intensive properties (color, texture, luster, magnetism, reactivity, etc. ). 1. Make a claim as to the identity of the various metals based on their extensive and intensive properties. Calculate the % error for each of your claims for both your group’s experimental values and the class’s. Show an example of each type of calculation and make a table r epresenting the organized results. *

Cleopatra Assignment

Cleopatra Assignment What does it tell us about Plutarch’s view of the relationship between Antony and Cleopatra? Plutarch views the relationship between Antony and Cleopatra as one where Cleopatra uses manipulation, temptation and obsession to control Antony. She is viewed as a fatal influence on Antony and he seemed powerless to resist her charms. In the eyes of Rome, Antony was changing from a veteran statesman and warrior to that of an effiminate love sick juvenile on the road to destruction.At the very beginning of the passage Life of Antony, Plutarch states Cleopatra is ‘ever contributing some fresh delight and charm to Antony’s hours of seriousness and mirth’ but there is no hint of love or romance which was viewed as showing a sign of weakness. The Romans did not value romantic love and this infatuation was another indication to Plutarch of Antony’s self indulgence and complete lack of self-control.Plutarch then adds she ‘kept him in co nstant tutelage and released him neither night or day’ playing dice, drinking and hunting with him showing an obsessiveness and a leading role in this relationship and never letting Antony out of her sight. His infatuation for Cleopatra was seen as a failing and Cleopatra treated Antony with disdain and mockery, all was on her terms and Antony seemed powerless to resist her charms.Antony goes to great lengths to impress Cleopatra, for example he cheats when fishing by ordering â€Å"his fishermen to dive down and secretly fasten to his hook some fish and Cleopatra goes along with this and humours him by pretending to â€Å"admire her lover’s skill†. Cleopatra then confides in her friends about Antony’s ‘skill’ and invites them to be spectator’s the following day. This attempt at impressing Cleopatra in his fishing ability backfires, as she is one step ahead.As soon as Antony has thrown in his line â€Å"she ordered one of her own att endants to get the start of him by swimming onto his hook and fastening on it a salted Pontic Herring†. When Antony pulled in his catch revealing the kipper, which is not an impressive catch, this was met with great laughter by Cleopatra’s spectators and made Antony to look like a fool. It must be noted that this is a viewpoint from Plutarch from a series of character studies and not designed as a piece of conventional narrative history.

15 Tips to become more creative

15 Tips to become more creative Nowadays, if you are not at least a bit creative, soon a automatic robot will be doing all your job. But discovering those imaginative flourishes or inventive solutions isn’t all that simple. Sometimes that muse just won’t discuss. This is not an inspirational list designed to convince you that you’re a unique and creative snowflake. Somewhat, this is for when you’re trapped in a creative bind and need a little extra oomph to make assembling your project work. So here are 15 tricks to help get those creative juices juicing again. Get those endorphins streaming. Exercise is stress-reliever and a creative trigger, and mindless repetition is the secret to allowing your creative head wander. And remember, no subject how much you loath this job, great deal of thought is still better than stumbling your way through a home treadmill workout wishing you might have a cheeseburger. It helps to get some perspective. Take a Bathtub After all that exercise wanting to force imagination, you’re still sweating desperation. At this time you reek of it. Okay, maybe not, however the shower is a great destination to drown out the world and relax your mind enough to let it wander. And a brain with wanderlust is the fertilizer for new ideas. Sleep on It This is why you always do better on tests when you fell asleep together with the book somewhat than cramming right before the test. Your mind requires rest, and the rest actually helps you organize your thoughts and shakes new things free. It provides you with ways to check out old problems in a fresh way. Be Curious What job are you working on? Could it be for a client, or around a certain subject? Do some research. Allow yourself to get lost in your issue and find something that’s interesting for you, even whether it’s abstract. Be curious about it. A lot more intimately you connect with your subject, the more creative you will be when trying to work with it. Listen to Music Listening to music-just listening to music-helps your brain relax. It’s also evocative of images and feelings. You know, those things you are trying to speak to to make assembling your project more creative? Those. Ideas result from a complex mixture of problems, thoughts, and experiences. Allow music move over you, and pick it. Yeah, man. Groovy. Pick a Shade or Theme Sometimes creative imagination gets bogged down in the facts and the specifics. Don’t slip-up the forest for the trees, here. Online backup, take a breath, and ask yourself, â€Å"Self, what is the overall theme, concept or tone?† Insurance agencies a major picture to show up back on, you may find You’ve exposed new creative strategies. Go through the Pretty Colors Sometimes just selecting colors that would work together can give you a whole new point of view on your creative task. Maybe you hadn’t seen things in this light before. Who recognizes. Try different color mixtures or play around with the Adobe Kuler to see if you spark any new ideas. You can even check out some art or even just browse the web for things such as Deviant Art. Try informing a story about an interesting picture You’ve seen. Have no idea the storyplot? Make it up. That’s one half the fun. Clean Something Mindless tasks are great for idea era, and firm is often comforting. Besides, you do not want to clean while you’re in the throes of an creative epiphany, can you? Best get it done now. Go for a Drive. Traveling around and listening to music (or listening to silence) is a superb way to clear the mind. It’s also a little hypnotic, and this hypnosis helps you wiggle creative problems around in your mind just like a loose tooth you are wiggling with your tongue. Eventually something’s heading to break. Just don’t discuss on the telephone while driving a vehicle. It’s distracting. To other motorists. Get Mad. You know all those things you really want to inform that awful client? You know those times when you want to say â€Å"really fellas, this is the truth that you don’t want to listen to†, or write a searing email to your boss? Write them down. Let it out. Most of us have created mental blocks to saying just what we mean because, well, we don’t want people to think we’re psychopaths. Period of time those obstacles and say precisely what you suggest. It’ll feel great, and often you’ll discover (someplace) a new way to approach your problem. Simply by being honest. Spend Some Time Alone Whether you’re walking in the woods or standing on the roof of any skyscraper, only time is creativity’s favorite place to develop. I’m sure which mental or neurological reason for this, but I don’t know what it is. I just know that other folks and electronic gizmos aren’t only distracting, they actually cause anxiety. Turn your cellphone off. Kill the news headlines channel. Mentally move away from it all. It’s actually pretty well accepted that individuals who spend more time by themselves thinking tend to be creative (and, actually, more emotionally fit). Show Someone What you’re Doing I don’t indicate step-by-step, however the process of articulating your creative problem to some other person is incredibly helpful when searching for new methods to an old problem. This is particularly helpful if you are trying to clarify things to a kid (or a dumb good friend), because you have to come up with a much more accessible way to articulate your idea. Pull or Build Something Actually, doing anything repeated that requires extreme concentration would work. The trick here is to let your brain go numb. It’s actually related in some ways to self-hypnosis. It allows your mind wander. Plus the theme of the post is to let your mind wander. Doing something repeated or mindless is often nice since it allows you to start out speaking with yourself with your â€Å"mind tone†. Just don’t answer the tone out loud, and you’re good.

Pick and art work that is influenced by astronomy Essay

Pick and art work that is influenced by astronomy - Essay Example He was a Post-Impressionist artist, and like the Impressionists he could make use of the newly available ready prepared paints in tubes which made it much easier to paint outdoors, perhaps painting in the grounds of the asylum, but in this case he is looking east through an open window. In April 1888 Van Gogh wrote: - Although the image of the sky is exaggerated and unrealistic, yet it remains one everybody can relate to, as we have all been outdoors at night at some point in our lives, and gazed up a the wonders of the heavens, swirls of clouds, stars pricking the darkness, and the beautiful moon in all its stages. We were not however experiencing Van Gogh’s particular state of mental illness, in which realities were so exaggerated that it caused him to paint the stars so large and producing what Naifah and Smith ( page 762) refer to as :- This was painted of course long before space exploration or modern telescopes. Van Gogh did not know that the moon is just a lump of dusty rock. He may not have known that the light we see from the stars is historical, in that it has taken considerable time to reach Earth because of the immense distances involved. In this case each star is surrounded by a lesser light, a halo. This may perhaps indicate a very cold night, or it could have some significance to Van Gogh. The many swirls and curves are part of the attraction of this work. They carry the viewer’s eyes around the painting from one point to the next and round again. It is a painting of the imagination. Even the village of St Remy doesn’t look exactly as it really was, perhaps because it is not visible from the asylum windows, but some things are factual, in this case the very bright star depicted immediately right of the cypresses is actually the planet Venus, the rising morning star ( Whitney, page 356, 1966). Soth ( page 305,1996) states that Van Gogh wrote to

Rhetoric & Stereotypes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rhetoric & Stereotypes - Essay Example The tattooed individuals in this world are one set of groups which is stereotyped as per a single notion. These individuals usually have tattoos signed up on their body which can either be huge or small. But these individuals are stereotyped as per these tattoos. Usually it is thought that these individuals relate to people who are rockers, punks, brats, criminal or a person who has loose morals. The feminists on the other hand are women who consider themselves equal or superior to men. This set of individual argues for the rights of women in this world. These women are stereotyped on the basis of their behavior i.e. their hatred for the opposite sex. Because of this hatred these women are usually labeled as lesbians and chauvinists. Thirdly the politicians are one group of people which can be said to be stereotyped the most. The politicians are one group of people which is thought to be a con group which makes false promises to make up their way to the leading position. Moreover the se politicians are known to be a group which excels in cheating and corruption. And lastly senior citizens are a group of individuals who are old and knowledgeable. This group of people is known to be stubborn and inefficient when it comes to completing tasks. These individuals are considered to be weak and not worthy enough of some work. All these groups mentioned above do not tend to pose the same picture in the society as different stereotypes are developed according to different way of thoughts. The tattooed individuals tend to pose a negative stereotype usually. The feminists can pose both a negative and a positive stereotype. The positive stereotype created by them is related to equality which is long deserved by women. Politicians can also pose a negative and positive stereotype. It is dependent on the individual attributes that the politician possesses to make up the stereotype. And senior citizens can also show both stereotypes. Negative in the sense that these citizens are usually hot headed and don’t tend to listen to others. Whereas positive in the sense in which these citizens can provide knowledge in areas of which they know better than the younger individuals of the society. There are many rhetoric statements which are known for the above mentioned groups. It is usually said that ‘senior citizens are bad at hearing and bad drivers’. However this is always not true for all the individuals. For tattooed individuals these rhetoric statements relate to them being ‘gang bangers and criminals’. And yet again such a statement is not a generalized statement. For politicians it is said that they are ‘cleverly dangerous’. By dangerous here it is meant that these politicians tend to lie from the people. And lastly the feminists are described as ‘unwomanly and guy hatters’. However these two statements are not generalized. The stereotyping which prevails against the above mentioned groups is somewha t justified too but it does not give a right to an individual to consider all the people of the same group to be of the same nature. Studying about the different types of rhetoric and stereotyping I have come to know that I myself stereotype certain people based on the general view. Similarly I believe that I myself am stereotyped at certain instances because of my age. People do not consider

Discuss the offences and punishments arising out of Military Service Essay

Discuss the offences and punishments arising out of Military Service in Malta - Essay Example force’s and friendly aircrafts or when commanded to carry out operations in the air but fails to do so effectively shall be liable to life sentences or any other punishment provided by the Forces Act. However, if such intentional acts can not be proved, the individual may be convicted and imprisoned or given lesser penalties (Laws of Malta, 2003). Communication with the enemy and any such dangerous disclosures through intentional and unauthorized issuance of intelligence to enemies faces up to a life sentence or any other punishment in the act. ... In addition, a soldier becoming a prisoner of war through disobedience or willful neglect of duty or failing to take opportunity to rejoin forces or preventing/ discouraging other prisoners of war from taking steps to return to forces shall be open to imprisonment or any less punishment in this act (Malta, 1988). Offences regarding sentries or guards on duty (that is, one posted to patrol or is a member of a guard/ other party on patrol for purposes of preventing/ controlling access to or egress from any premises or of regulatory traffic), included drunkenness, sleeping at post or leaving assigned post. If anyone under military law uses force against such a guard on duty to achieve an objective shall be guilty against the said article. However, if offence is committed when one is not on active duty, he/ she must not be imprisoned fro more than two years. Looting offences included stealing from or the intent to steal from person wounded or killed in military operations or any property left exposed and unprotected after operations or anything left behind by the enemy with punishments ranging from imprisonment or any less punishment in the act. Mutiny by persons subject to military law by inciting another person or is themselves involved in threats of use of violence in order to avoid military duty is punishable on conviction for up to a life sentence or any other less punishment in the act. It involves the participation of at least two persons subject to military law to overthrow or resist authority, hamper conduction of military duty or to disobey authority in any way that causes deterioration of discipline in the forces. Failure to suppress, report without hesitation or prevent perceived

Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies Research Paper - 4

Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies - Research Paper Example Currently, Nokia focuses on developing telecommunications infrastructures on a large scale, provision of online mapping services, and the development of mobile communication technologies (Slater, 2004). Nokia also played a great role in contributing to the development of the mobile phone industry in the early years of 2000 (Park, 2014). The company played a role in developing GSM standards, and for a considerable period of time, Nokia was one of the largest producers and sellers of mobile phone products, in the world. Nokia also entered the Smartphone industry, and this is through its platform referred to as Symbian. However, the dominance of this company, in the Smartphone industry was challenged by the emergence of Apples. This is through the production of its Android devices, and its iPhones. Furthermore, because of stiff competition from companies such as Samsung, Alcatel, etc, the market share of Nokia was beginning to fall, and it experienced a series of losses (Park, 2014). Microsoft on the other had is an American company, that specializes in the development of computer software. The headquarters of Nokia is in Redmond, the state of Washington. The company is able to develop, manufacture and sale personal computer gadgets, consumer electronics, and computer software (Slater, 2004). However, because of stiff competition from Apples, the company has also experienced a reduction in its market shares. Because of this stiff competition emanating from Apples, Nokia sought a strategic partner, who could help it, in the development of electronic and computer gadgets, that could help it achieve a competitive advantage over Apples and other companies such as Samsung. In the year 2011, Microsoft was able to enter into a pact with Nokia. Park (2014) explains that the method which Microsoft used in entering into a partnership with Nokia was through an acquisition. In 2013, the chief executive of Microsoft was

Article review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Article review - Essay Example ut strategic remedies, deep enough in scope not only to address the symptoms of basic problems, but those that help address keys issues at stake (O’Kane & Cunningham, 2013). From the article ‘Leadership Changes and Approaches During Company Turnaround’ by O’Kane and Cunningham, it is discernible that it is easy, in fact enjoyable to be a â€Å"good† leader in periods of institutional booms, yet complete different set of skills is required in times of crisis. Right in-between the application of the different set of skills is the tactical tradeoff between the long-term mindset with the ability to make and implement difficult decisions within prescribed time limits to prevent further deterioration, depending on the situation of an institution. Basically, leadership, irrespective of the size of an institution is all about the measures put in place to boost team efforts [morale] and more importantly, identifying problems and giving necessary guidance in confronting problems through regular, honest and credible communication. Additionally, clarity of every bit of communication around goals and objectives is an indispensible virtue t hat must be cultivated at all cost. Not a single individual aspire to be a failure. It must be noted, however, that success is worked for, and that without stepping up to the challenge of leadership, success becomes just but a mirage. Whether one likes it or not, responsibility begins with

Business Policy and Strategic Management Research Paper - 3

Business Policy and Strategic Management - Research Paper Example The very reason as to why Starbucks has been able to generate the kind of competitive advantage within its industry is based upon the fact that its differentiation strategy has provided it an edge over others. A closer analysis of the history of the firm would suggest that the Starbucks started with selling of the coffee manufacturing equipments which were considered as finest in the industry. Its use of the Arabica beans- highest quality coffee beans in the world provides its coffee a unique taste and quality lacking in other products offered by the competitors. (Anders). It is also important to note that Starbucks marketing strategy has also duly supported the firm’s traditional superiority in offering high quality coffee over different destinations in the world through its strategic business partners. It is also important to note that the kind of growth achieved by Starbucks over the period of time is also based upon its overall organizational model and how it is integrated with its overall strategy.

Final on Evaluation of an Short Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final on Evaluation of an Short Story - Essay Example Unfortunately, Tim O’Brien is unable to secure himself from the works of the Living God and his country. He sets up for the war field where he finds majority of those in the battle field with mixed emotional experiences such as love, hate and guilt. At the same time, they use tough language in an effort to reduce the impact of the war to the public and the knowledge of having been alive when their buddies have died as they continuously wonder what the war is meant for (O'Brien, 2009). Basically, the book revolves around the writer who is the main character and protagonist. His main role entails the experience he has towards bringing a sense of redemption after the tussle with his conscious on what to do. Similarly, the antagonist in the book happens to be himself, Tim O'Brien, especially when he fights back with the feelings of hatred, blame, and fear emanating from within. He is portrayed as a character who inwardly blames himself for having accepted the draft notice to go to war and having lived through the war even when many of his colleagues had died in the same war (O'Brien, 2009). In a general sense, the story reaches its peak when the main character (Tim O'Brien) is said to return to the war field where he finds out that his friend Kiowa has passed on but manages to find his daughter. It is here where he is seen to figuratively take down the anguish and anger that he is said to carry for a long time. Analysis It is apparent that, the story has been written by the main character with the main aim of expressing three themes that have vividly been utilized. These primary themes incorporate memory, imagination and the chance for mental escapement. For instance, the main character is seen to dwell on another character that is portrayed as a close friend through imaginations of been close to the character (Martha). Moreover, Tim O'Brien uses pretence as a form of telling the story. This story telling form is most prevalent to Tim O’Brien as he is seen to mostly tell stories to himself (O'Brien, 2009). Similarly, the main character who happens to be the author of this book has continuously used artifacts to put more emphasis on the actions of his character and that of the other characters. For instance, Martha, a character portrayed as Tim O’Brien close friend and lover has letters and photograph which are carried around by the author as a sign of love for her. Apart from the description that is given through the use of physical artifacts, the author uses the main characters. In essence, the description given in term of what the main characters are carrying, is meant to give more details on the foreshadow necessary in understanding what the novel is all about. In fact, the technique emphases on the full composite of the story’s characters where the audience seem to view them as real people (O'Brien, 2009). Of importance to note is that the author has been able to connect with the audience in a unique way by mak ing sure that some of the physical and emotional processes in the book are easily captured by the audience. For instance, the weight of a weapon, the weight of a grenade among other descriptions. In this regard, the unfolding of this story of Vietnam war introduce the characters one by one as their roles as portrayed according to their entry. Judgement The Things That They

Macbeth Assessment Essay Example for Free

Macbeth Assessment Essay Macbeth written in 1606 has proven to be one of Shakespeares most successful and popular plays. It wasnt just the plays that were popular William Shakespeare born 1564 is the most famous play writer in the world. He was born in Stratford upon Avon. He wrote 34 plays, Macbeth being just one of them. There are many reasons why Macbeth has proven to be so popular. It is the third shortest play written by Shakespeare, it is fast moving including death, murder, deception, and betrayal. The play follows the story of a man who was desperate for power and turns to murder to get his own way. It has conserved its title as an exceptional play as it appeals to audiences both today and in Shakespeares time, by including factors that appeal to everyone. In Shakespeares time people would be intrigued by the supernatural, as they were xenophobic, they took a dislike towards the witches. They didnt understand them even today when we know a little more about the supernatural it is still a topic people would like to know more about. The play makes you want more. You want to find out if he was a good king or if he would really murder his best friend. It is an unpredictable play you dont know what is going to happen. Theatre going was very popular in the 1600s because not only was it for the rich the poor could enjoy the entertainment as well. Many people enjoyed the magic of the theatre, thats what made it such a success. The globe built in 1599 was one of the first theatres in London, it could seat over 3,000 people but sadly tragedy struck in 1613 when the great fire of London burnt down the theatre along with many other famous landmarks. It was a great loss in everyones eye, so a year later the globe was replaced. It cost à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,400 to rebuild. It didnt take long before the theatre had paid for its self as it was so popular. The poor people would sit in the pit they would only have to pay 1p but if it rained they would get wet, as there was no shelter. The rich people could sit around the sides where they would be able to see everything as the seats were tiered along the sides they were sheltered from the cold. They would have had to pay around 10p for their seat. As a variety of people attended the play would have to cater for a range of people. Not a play for the rich or poor. If the king didnt approve of they play he could stop the performances. Shakespeares plays were clever they contained blood guts and gore. The monarchy and the political situation at the time had much to do with why the play had proven to be so popular. King James the first was new to the throne, as Elizabeth had died. Elizabeth was a popular queen where as James the first had shown to be very disliked. They worried what king James would be like on the throne they were right to be worried King James was evil he burnt and tortured Catholics. The declining catholic population soon grew to hate him and in 1605 a plot was taken against him in hope he would die. Guy Folkes attempted to blow the house of parliament up in The gun powder plot fortunately for the king he was unsuccessful. He was later executed. A year later when Shakespeare was writing Macbeth he had to be very careful on what he included. If James the first did not like the play and took offence to it then he could have Shakespeare killed. Shakespeares presented the play in good light. He displayed Duncan the king as a good king whom people loved, James would have liked this as he thought it portrayed himself but really Shakespeare was showing James to be Macbeth. The play showed a warning if a man killed the king he would suffer a fate as bad. The main theme of the play shows a man who is led to despair by his controlling wife. He starts as a loyal soldier serving his king to the very best. Due to his service he was made Thane of Cowdor, but that was not enough for him and his power mad wife. They thought of an evil plot to kill the beloved Duncan. They arranged to kill him in his bed and make it look as if his own guards have killed him. They succeeded in their plot for greatness. Macbeth is crowned king. Duncans sons who would have been next to the thrown, but they fled as they thought they were suspects for the murder. Macbeth now had the taste for murder. He killed his best friend Banquo. Later he tried to kill Macduff a fellow soldier but was unsuccessful as Mac duff got away. Macbeth was mad by this and instead of trying to kill Macduff he killed his wife and children. How could a man be so cruel as he may have suffered the pain of a child being taken from his life. Macduff was on his way to England to fetch an army thousands big. Lady Macbeth went mad with guilt and killed herself. Once Macbeth heard news of the triumph against him he started to worry. He got ready for a fight he placed on his amour ready. When Macduff arrived they fought their way into Macbeths castle in Dunsinane. Macbeth fought till the very end until it became too much he suffered a soldiers death. The supernatural had a large role in the play Macbeth. Macbeth included the supernatural, as the audience then were scared and shocked by it. They were scared of witches as they thought of them as bad. So when the play Macbeth was written Shakespeare included witches in the very start. This would have shocked the audience making them interested in the play from the very start. They would want to know what happened to them. Audiences now would be curious to see the supernatural and how the witches act. The witches cropped up several times in the play to keep the audience watching. The witches open the play when shall we three meet again, in thunder, lightning or in the rain? When the hurly burlys done, when the battles lost and won, that will be the set of the sun where the place upon the heath Macbeth is a very fast moving play, which included a lot of action. The play is short, it is so fast moving to keep the audiences attention. I think the action and length were quite important to an audience. If the play were long and lacked action the play would be unpopular and found boring. Plays had to appeal to everyone it would be important to keep them interested and as there would be peasants viewing they would have to cater for them. The plots would have to be quite straightforward so the peasants could understand. The main events in the play link with each other. The witches have an important role in the play on the heath in act 1 scene one and again in act 1 scene 3. They tell Macbeth and Banquo their future. The next important scene is Act 1 scene 5 when Duncan comes to stay with Macbeth to celebrate Macbeth becoming the Thane of Cowdor but sadly Duncan is brutally murdered in his own bed. Macbeth is forced to do the deed by his crazed wife. Then Macbeth is crowned king. The next important scene is when Macbeth gets Banquo killed and Banquos ghost comes to haunt him. Lady Macbeth tries to make excuses to cover his moments of madness. She tells the people not to leave, as this will offend him. Dray you keep seat. The fit is momentary upon a thought. He will again be well. If much you note him you shall offend him and extend his passion feeds and regard him not. The witches then appear again in act 4 scene 1. This time the witches didnt find Macbeth, Macbeth went to find the witches. He wanted to know more. So the witches tell Macbeth in words, which have a double meaning. This makes Macbeth thinks he is going to rule as king for a long time. Macbeth next tries to kill Macduff but is too late Macduff is already on his way to England to fetch an army to kill Macbeth. Then Malcolm can return as the rightful king. In rage Macbeth kills Macduffs wife and children. Meanwhile his own wife is going mad with guilt. She thinks she has a spot of Duncans blood on he hand, which she cant wash off. This time lady Macbeth has turned out to be the one with feelings instead of being callas. She had always called Macbeth a coward for showing signs of feeling Are you a man? he often tries to prove himself. What man dare, I dare Lady Macbeth becomes so deranged she kills herself. Then we meet the biggest scene, act 5 scene 3 at Dunsinane castle. Malcolms army fight there way into Macbeths castle to return the rightful king to the thrown. Many play writers would have included guts and gore to surprise the audience. If all plays were written about love and everything was perfect plays would become boring. Showing guts and gore with lots of action would keep the audiences interested. The technology back then wasnt that good not compared with today, but audiences back then would be impressed by Shakespeares use of trap doors and fake blood. The trap doors would be used for the witches and Banquos ghost to appear and disappear. This would reflect the power of the witches . They may have lowered Banquos ghost down on a rope to make it look as if it was floating. Many of these effects are still used today while doing performances of the play. The goriest bits in the play would be the murder scenes. Especially the scene with Duncan they would have used a lot of fake blood. Macbeths character changes quite significantly during the play he starts off as a loyal soldier dedicated to his king. He changes after his first meeting with the witches, once he knew his destiny he would do anything to get it as soon as he could. The witches told him he would be thane of Cowdor, and then he would be crowned king. His power mad wife often challenged his position. Why do you make such faces Macbeth showed feeling he didnt want to kill Duncan but callas Lady Macbeth drove him to it That I may pour my spirits in thine ear and chastise with the valour of my tongue this shows the power she had over him. Macbeth is good not evil yet I do fear thy nature, it is too full othmilk of human kindness Where as Macbeth is a gentle person. Lady Macbeth calls upon the spirits to make her evil enough to commit murder. Come you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here and fill me from the crown to toe top full of direst cruelty make thick my blood. The planning of Duncans murder was quite disturbing Lady Macbeth proves her callas feelings. The death is like a challenge. Art thou afeared to be the same in thine own act and valour as thou art in desire? She accuses him of breaking promises, that he isnt strong enough to accept the challenges wouldst thou have that which thou esteemst the ornament of life, And youre a coward in thine own esteem Macbeth braves himself as a man and accepts the challenge I dare do all that may become a man, who dares do more is none Lady Macbeth shows some feeling like the feeling she may once have had for her child I have given suck and know how tender tis to love the babe that milks me. I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out, had I so sworn to you have done to this Her feelings soon turn evil as she says to Macbeth she would rather kill her child than break her promise. There was also many reasons why Macbeth shouldnt kill Duncan Hes here in double trust first I am his kings man and his subject, strong both against the deed then, as his host. Who should against his murder shut the door, not bear the knife myselfthis Duncan been so clear in his great office Macbeth was related to king, he was Duncans host. Duncan was a good king if Macbeth went ahead with the murder he could loose everything. It was worse to kill a king than anyone else. It was a huge sin against god. God chose who was to be king. Lady Macbeth made most of the plans for the murder, she controlled Macbeth. She told him when and how to commit Duncans murder. Macbeth said the dagger showed the way to Duncans room. The night for Duncans death was perfect. Crows searched the courtyard a sign of death. An owl shrieked anther sign that evil was in the air. When Duncan had retired to his room and the guards had fell asleep Macbeth brutality stabbed Duncan in the chest with a dagger. Macbeth returned out of Duncans room with the evidence in his hand. He refused to re-enter the room so lady Macbeth took them back in the room and put the blood of Duncan on the guards face to make it look like they had killed Duncan. Macbeth didnt prove to be a very good or popular king. Many people didnt respect him. He lost many of his friends especially his supposed best friend Banquo whom he had killed as he suspected Macbeth had killed Duncan. Later at one of Macbeth banquets, he started to talk to a ghost that wasnt even there. Lady Macbeth tried to cover it up. The second meeting with the witches as deliberate they told Macbeth words with double meanings. They told Macbeth he would be king until the wood moved. Macbeth thought he was safe, as wood couldnt move. The witches tricked Macbeth so the audience would see the witches as evil. Macbeth wasnt much better himself the most loyal thing he did while wearing the crown was suffer a soldiers death. He died a lonely man his wife had gone crazy and killed herself she jumped of the castles balcony. The audience views Macbeth would change at different points in the play. They would see him as a loyal soldier but then he turned evil but he still had some feelings he didnt want to kill Duncan he was bullied by his wife. After the dirty deal was done he never returned from the evils scheming. In conclusion I think Macbeth is a very good play. It is a fast moving play. Which includes love, deception, and murder. Aspects that would appeal to all audiences. The audience would be relieved that justice was done. By including these features I feel that Macbeth has proved the test of time as one of the best plays of all time. Many theatres today still make reproductions of the play. I think Shakespeare truly has lived up to his title as a great play writer.

Nothing Gold Can Stay Essay Example for Free

Nothing Gold Can Stay Essay The poem â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay,† by Robert Frost, uses a abcb rhyme scheme to cleverly explain natures downfall, due to gold, in the world. The author begins by showing that nature’s true color is green, however, due to man’s greed they only see gold. Being that nature supplied the earth with gold, man should respect it and give back. Instead the author depicts that nature is stripped of her importance and sad therefore the dawn goes down to day meaning instead of the weather staying beautiful, like it does in the morning, it turns to the hot, muggy afternoon. On the last line the author says, â€Å"Nothing gold can stay† (914), because mans inability to let go of greed is destroying our planet. The author also uses figurative language to reveal the poem’s meaning. In the beginning of the poem he personifies nature into a female so that the audience better understands natures pain and suffering due to humans greedy ways. Also, he uses imagery to paint the picture of the garden of Eden sinking to grief meaning that nature is in duress and even the first garden known to man is on the verge of destruction unless we change our ways. Lastly the author uses a metaphor comparing green to gold by saying â€Å"Natures first green is gold† (914), explaining that green is the symbol of life and prosperity. For example money is green and when nature is described green typically comes to mind. But he says gold is the first green because all humans care about is gold and as a result they are giving it greater importance than nature, our source of life.

Leadership And Motivation Of Organizational Members Commerce Essay

Leadership And Motivation Of Organizational Members Commerce Essay Leadership, the process of inspiring others to work hard to accomplish important tasks, comes from Steve Jobs and the other managers. Leading is a large part of the management process in Apple, as it builds the commitments and enthusiasm for people to apply their talents to help accomplish plans. Jobs is a visionary leader because he has a clear understanding for the future as well as an understanding of the actions needed to get there successfully. He is able to communicate his vision to all necessary employees, getting them motivated and inspired to pursue his vision in their daily work. In the organization, management uses power to influence their staff. Reward power and legitimate power are used within Apple, and some employees have stated that coercive power has also occurred. Based on research of the leadership within Apple, I believe the organization has a democratic style. They are committed to task and people, getting things done while sharing information, encouraging employ ees to participate in all aspects, and helping others develop their skills and capabilities. The contingency leadership approach Apple Inc. appears to follow is Houses Path-Goal Leadership Theory, which is where the leader clarifies paths through which followers can achieve both task-related and personal goals. Steve Jobs motivates employees to move along these paths, removing barriers along the way and providing appropriate rewards for task accomplishments. The four leadership styles of the path-goal theory stated in the text book that Jobs and other management possess are: Directive leadership- letting subordinates know what is expected; giving directions on what to do and how. Supportive leadership- doing things to make work more pleasant. Achievement-oriented leadership- setting challenging goals; expecting the highest levels of performance. Participative leadership- involving subordinates in decision making. Jobs and other managers use whatever leadership style is necessary for the current situation. Value is added through this leadership approach by contributing things that are missing from the situation or that need strengthening. Motivation is the forces within the individual that accounts for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work. Apple Inc. produces highly motivated individuals who work hard at their job. Managers within the organization, including Steve Jobs, lead through motivation to create conditions where employees constantly feel inspired to work hard. Apples highly motivated workforce is one of the major reasons for their high-performance results. The company is rich in both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards for people whose performance helps accomplish the organizations objectives. Extrinsic rewards are provided by someone else, usually a supervisor or higher-level manager. At Apple, extrinsic rewards have included: additional vacation time, all employees receiving an iPod Shuffle, and in 2007, all full-time employees (21 600 of them) received a complimentary iPhone. Jobs is great at celebrating his teams accomplishments which includes: opening champagne to mark milestones, and educational trips to museums or exhibits. He has taken employees on retreats to expensive resorts and thrown parties at popular locations in the cities Apple operates in. The rewards vary in size from large pay bonuses to verbal praise, and recognition. In contrast, intrinsic rewards occur naturally as a person performs their job. The sources of intrinsic rewards such as feelings of competency, personal development, and self-control are all experienced by the staff at Apple. Employees have described how they enjoy and are motivated by the high calibre of people they work with, and being able to work on the cutting edge of technology. Due to stock option grants, employees who have worked at the company for many years have large amounts of money tied up with Apple. For majority of the staff, this is a key motivator to protect the companys interests. In regards to motivational theories, it does not appear Apple Inc. focuses as much on individual needs as do the content theories of motivation, but more on pursuing task goals as does one of the process theories of motivation and the external environment consequences regarding the reinforcement theory of motivation. The goal-setting theory, which is one of the process theories that applies to the organization, focuses on the motivational properties of task goals. Employees within the organization are highly motivated to accomplish task goals, which give direction to people in their work. The proper setting and management of goals within Apple helps clarify performance expectations in the organization. They provide a foundation for behavioural self-management, which helps motivate employees work performance and job satisfaction. Apple applies to the reinforcement theory of motivation because it focuses on the external environment and the consequences it holds for the individual. The organization mostly applies to the positive reinforcement strategy which strengthens or increases the frequency of desirable behaviour by making a pleasant consequence contingent on it occurrence. Examples of positive reinforcement at Apple include the rewards given by Jobs as mentioned above (opening champagne, vacations, company parties). All employees are motivated to do their best work to accomplish goals because of the rewards they can receive. Apple has also been known to use incentive compensation systems to motivate employees. This includes bonus pay, which provides one-time payments to employees based on the accomplishment of specific performance targets. They also have an employee stock ownership plan as mentioned earlier. An ownership share in ones place of employment links directly with a performance incentive. Employees holding stock options are motivated to work hard to raise the price of the firms stock. Many of Apples employees have to deal with stress on a daily basis, which is the state of tension experienced by individuals facing extraordinary demands, constraints or opportunities. Much of their stress comes from working factors which includes, long working hours, too many demands, the rush of developing the next big product, and the fear of losing their job for those who cannot meet objectives. Stress can also come from personal factors which includes the Type A personality and from non-work factors which include: family events, economics, and personal affairs. Jobs believes in putting a lot of stress on his workers as it acts in a positive way to increase effort, stimulate creativity, and encourage great work; known as constructive stress. The stress employees face can also have negative effects, known as destructive stress, which impairs the performance of an individual. A great example of this was recently, in July of 2009, a man who worked at an iPhone plant in China committed suicide. This was after the worker lost a fourth-generation iPhone prototype that he was responsible for. Employees who deal with Apples new products face great pressure in maintaining a high-level of secrecy over their products. Many of the organizations employees are constantly dealing with the stress of their job and non-work factors; therefore Apple has come up with a few strategies in dealing with stress. The organizations strict role clarification helps reduce job uncertainties, conflicts, and work overloads. Employees assistance programs are offered, which include: financial education seminars, tuition assistance, personal and family counselling, wellness programs, an onsite fitness center, and commuter programs. Areas Where Improvement Could Be Made: At Apple, areas of improvement could be made by eliminating the use of coercive power within the organization. Coercive power is influencing an individual through punishment. Employees have reported that they have coerced to do something through verbal reprimands. This only hurts the organization by making employees not want to work for management out of liking for their job, but out of fear they are going to be punished in some way (pay penalties, termination). In regards to leadership and power, I believe Apple can improve in empowering other people. Empowerment is the process through which managers enable and help other individuals to gain power and have more influence within the company. This would improve the organization by not making it a one genius that leads the company model. It would help relieve Steve Jobss work and when people are empowered to act, they are generally more committed to their task and producing high-quality work. It would show the confidence management has in their employees, and their respect for the talents and creativity they possess. Apple Inc. can improve its motivation of employees by not only following process theories and reinforcement theories of motivation, but also content theories of motivation. Content theories explain the behaviours and attitudes of people at work based on individual needs- the unfulfilled physiological or psychological desires. Having managers and leaders that establish conditions where it is possible for people to satisfy important needs through their work is important, as needs cause tensions that influence attitudes and behaviour. Eliminating obstacles that interfere with the satisfaction of important needs help in improving motivation at Apple. I believe Apple could improve stress management by not putting as many demands on employees, decreasing the amount of work hours a week and not putting stress on workers to increase effort and encourage great work. As it is hard for an organization to limit personal and non-work factors of stress, Apple can improve in reducing the amount of work factors of stress. The organization needs to focus on maintaining constructive stress, but eliminating destructive stress. Detailed Plan of Improvement Content Theories of Motivation Hierarchy of Needs Theory As mentioned in Part D- Leadership and Motivation of the Members of the Organization, Apple Inc. does not focus as much on the individual needs of their employees, which relates to the content theories of motivation, but more on the accomplishment of task goals and the external environment consequences, which relate to the process and reinforcement theories of motivation. This leads to room for improvement in following the content theories of motivation, which explain the behaviours and attitudes of people at work based on individual needs. This would improve the organization because needs are the unfulfilled physiological or psychological desires of an individual, which cause tensions that influence attitudes and behaviour. This is why it is important for managers and leaders to establish conditions where it is possible for employees to satisfy important needs through their work and to also eliminate obstacles that have the potential to interfere with the satisfaction of important n eeds. Fulfilling these individual needs will further help in improving the motivation at Apple. One of the content theories of motivation, the Hierarchy of Needs Theory developed by Abraham Maslow, is a great theory to implement into the organization to improve motivation. This theory states that there are two categories of needs: Lower-order needs- include physiological, safety, and social concerns, and higher-order needs- include esteem and self-actualization concerns. The fulfilment of lower-order needs, which desire social and physical well-being, and higher-orders needs, which desire psychological development and growth, leads to great behaviour and attitudes of people at work. Maslows theory describes two principles explaining the affects of needs on human behaviour. The first is the deficit principle, which states that a satisfied need is not a motivator of behaviour. The second is the progression principle, which states that a need at one level does not become activated until the next lower-level need is already satisfied. The goal of Apple in implementing this theory would be to allow all employees to advance through the hierarchy until they reach the level of self-actualization. At this level, employees begin to be motivated by opportunities of self-fulfillment. If managers within Apple followed this theory, employees would not have deprived needs which result in negative attitudes and behaviours, which in turn affect the organization in many different aspects. There are many different ways managers can use Maslows ideas to better meet the needs of their staff. A detailed plan to implement this theory would first begin by looking at the order of the needs in the hierarchy. The hierarchy of human needs is, from first to last: physiological, safety, social, esteem and lastly self-actualization needs. Below is an example on how Apple can fulfill each of these individual needs. Physiological needs: Providing reasonable work hours, rest and refreshment breaks, and physical comfort when working. Safety needs: Apple already does a good job in providing for some of these needs, such as safe working conditions, base compensation, and benefits. It could still improve in job security, which is eliminating the threat many employees feel of losing their jobs because of their performance. Social needs: Improving the group atmosphere between managers and workers, by having friendly co-workers and pleasant supervisors. Allowing all individuals to feel a sense of belonging is important. This need is important to fulfill within the Apple organization as it has many team-based projects. More social events could help improve the fulfillment of this need. Esteem needs: Apple can fulfill employees esteem needs by giving them more responsibility for important jobs, allowing the opportunity for promotion to a higher job status, and more praise and recognition from Steve Jobs and other managers. Ensuring workers know their contribution helps in reaching the organizations goals and making certain they receive recognition for what they have done results in good self-esteem, leading them to be more productive and effective. Self-actualization needs: As Apple already provides creative and challenging work through the products they develop, and participation in decision making, they could further help in fulfilling this need by allowing more job flexibility and autonomy. Apple should allow employees to feel that they have reached the place they want and by fulfilling the self-actualization need more and more, the individual is suppose to grow stronger. With Apple Inc. being one of the top companies in the world, it is hard to say what they should improve on because of their success, the great individuals they have working for them and their size. This plan to implement the Hierarchy of Needs Theory may benefit the organization but because of the organizations size and the expertise of the individuals that run the company, including Steve Jobs, I am sure they have looked to all aspects of the organization for ways to improve.

Robert Herrick :: essays research papers

Robert Herrick was born in Cheapside, London in 1591. Robert was the seventh child of Nicholas Herrick. Nicholas Herrick, his father was a prosperous goldsmith who made a will two days before he jumped off the fourth floor window of his house. Robert had to grow up without his father but he had some helps with from his six siblings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Herrick had a huge family. The Herrick family had their hands on everything so Robert really could have decided on almost what ever he wants. In 1607 he was apprenticed to his uncle Sir William Herrick as a goldsmith. Robert always knew that it was a good business because it gold never gets old. Herrick always had a love for writing and he knew since he was really young that he wanted to pursue it eventually. Herrick attended St. John’s College, Cambridge in 1613. Robert graduated a Bachelor of Arts in 1617, and Master of Arts in 1620. Robert felt that going to school can be a tremendous help for him. He now feels that he is ready to pursue his poetry writing professionally. Braha 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of Robert Herrick’s earliest works â€Å"A Country Life† really helped him start off on the right foot. The poem talked about him moving from London to farm life in Leicesterishire. Herrick joined up with a group of Cavalier poets who idolized Ben Johnson, mixing in literary circles in London. Herrick was also a very religious man and was used for some expeditions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On April 24, 1623 Herrick was ordered to be a minister and to act as a Chaplin to Buckingham on an expedition. When there would be big expeditions they would always make sure they had a minister there to help them when in need. Even during the expedition he would be writing on his free time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Herrick was a well-respected man by everyone. The king even asked him to run a church called Dean Prior, it was one of the biggest church in those days. Herrick lived a secluded country life and wrote some of his best works. In 1647 he was expelled from the government. Robert decided to move to London publishing his religious poems. Robert Herrick lived to the age of eighty-three. Braha 3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Herrick has written hundreds of poems. My interpretation of â€Å"To His Mistress† is unique and interesting. Herrick always had a love for women and he loves to express his feelings.

Emma :: essays research papers

Emma Austen, Jane. Emma. New York: Bantam Books, 1981. Emma takes place in Hartfield, which is a part of Highbury, England. Highbury was a large and populous village, but Hartfield was much quieter and secluded. The story is in a time where you only married people of your own social status. Therefore, the story probably takes place in the Eighteenth century but there is no direct reference to the time at which the story takes place. It was a romantic time where women were concerned with marrying their true loves, but only if they were of their same class. The importance of the village in which Emma lives is that to entertain herself she engages herself in matchmaking activities. The main character of the story is Emma Woodhouse. She is "handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence; and very little to distress her or vex her." (Austen, 3) Emma was the youngest of two daughters and she was spoiled by her old, affectionate father. Her mother had died when she was only a child and her sister, Isabelle, had married at an early age. This made her mistress of his house from a very early period. Emma’s self image is very strong and she is doubly pleased with her match-making skills, which turn out to be disastrous for her friend Harriet. Harriet Smith is a young girl of an unknown background, but she was a student at Mrs. Goddard’s School. Emma challenges herself to reform and refine Harriet. She becomes to aspire to see Harriet marry a person in a higher social station. Harriet is very pretty. She was "short, plump, and fair, with blue eyes and light ha ir, and a look of great sweetness." (Austen, 20) The other main character of the story is Mr. Knightley. He is a sensible man of about thirty-seven. He is the elder brother of Isabelle’s husband and a friend of the Woodhouse family. Mr. Knightley had a very cheerful manner which pleased Emma. He was also one of the few people that could see faults in Emma and he didn’t hesitate on telling her of them. In addition to Mr. Woodhouse, Emma’s father, the other character’s in the story are Isabelle, her husband, Miss Taylor (now Mrs. Weston) and her husband. From the start of the story, Emma’s willful and determined imagination give way to the plot of the story. Emma :: essays research papers Emma Austen, Jane. Emma. New York: Bantam Books, 1981. Emma takes place in Hartfield, which is a part of Highbury, England. Highbury was a large and populous village, but Hartfield was much quieter and secluded. The story is in a time where you only married people of your own social status. Therefore, the story probably takes place in the Eighteenth century but there is no direct reference to the time at which the story takes place. It was a romantic time where women were concerned with marrying their true loves, but only if they were of their same class. The importance of the village in which Emma lives is that to entertain herself she engages herself in matchmaking activities. The main character of the story is Emma Woodhouse. She is "handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence; and very little to distress her or vex her." (Austen, 3) Emma was the youngest of two daughters and she was spoiled by her old, affectionate father. Her mother had died when she was only a child and her sister, Isabelle, had married at an early age. This made her mistress of his house from a very early period. Emma’s self image is very strong and she is doubly pleased with her match-making skills, which turn out to be disastrous for her friend Harriet. Harriet Smith is a young girl of an unknown background, but she was a student at Mrs. Goddard’s School. Emma challenges herself to reform and refine Harriet. She becomes to aspire to see Harriet marry a person in a higher social station. Harriet is very pretty. She was "short, plump, and fair, with blue eyes and light ha ir, and a look of great sweetness." (Austen, 20) The other main character of the story is Mr. Knightley. He is a sensible man of about thirty-seven. He is the elder brother of Isabelle’s husband and a friend of the Woodhouse family. Mr. Knightley had a very cheerful manner which pleased Emma. He was also one of the few people that could see faults in Emma and he didn’t hesitate on telling her of them. In addition to Mr. Woodhouse, Emma’s father, the other character’s in the story are Isabelle, her husband, Miss Taylor (now Mrs. Weston) and her husband. From the start of the story, Emma’s willful and determined imagination give way to the plot of the story.

The Importance Of Literacy :: Literacy Essays

Rita Mae Brown describes literacy as, "a social contract, an agreed upon representation of certain symbols" (420). If the symbol's (letters) meanings are not agreed upon by those attempting to communicate, then interpreting one another becomes difficult. Simply stated, literacy is very important. Society has proven time and time again, it will reward those individuals who are competent and impede those who are not, whether expressed in terms of employment opportunities (job success) or just on a social level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One need look no further than their everyday activities in order to realize how important literary skills are. Without adequate literary skills one may not be able to identify on a label the correct amount of medicine to give a child, or read and interpret a sign giving instructions on what to do in case of a fire. These two examples bring perspective to literacy's importance. Nevertheless, recent surveys have indicated that, "4.5 million Canadians, representing 24 percent of the eighteen-and-over group, can be considered illiterate" ("Adult Illiteracy" 5). Illiteracy is truly a problem within Canada. Although many groups are working to render the problem of illiteracy, much work still lies ahead.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As our society moves on into the next century literacy is proving vital to economic performance. Without basic literary skills in one's possession they will become lost in our rapidly changing society. The modern worker must be able to adapt to the changing job-scene. This often means gathering new skills and knowledge from printed material, whether instruction manuals, computer programs, or classroom training (text books). It is quite commonly the case that highly skilled jobs require a high level of literacy. Therefore, literary skill level is an important factor in predicting an individual's economic success. It will affect an individual's income, their employment stability and whether they even receive employment opportunities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Presently, our world revolves around literacy. Simply being literate allows one to continuously upgrade one's literary skills to a higher level. It allows one to stay informed of happenings in and around the world through mediums such as newspapers and magazines. Knowing current news about what is going on in this ever changing world of ours is the key to staying ahead. Another thought to ponder is this, we rely on those with high literacy levels to record and document findings and happenings for future generations to reflect on. These writings would most likely be dull and inaccurate or would not exist at all without our current levels of literacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When viewed from a social standpoint, literacy remains just as important as when viewed from the economic standpoint. Linda Macleod of the National Associations Active in Criminal Justice, points out that, "65 percent of people

Did Jose Rizal Retract? Essay

Dr. Jose Rizal has been a national iconic hero for over a hundred years. He has been the symbol of our country’s freedom, the epitome of nationalistic patriotism. He emanates martyrdom with every fiber of his being and everything else that he left the country to strive upon. His story has been narrated in countless books and articles. He became an extension of education where he was the main course in a classroom, an honorable feature of Rizal. His totality as a person, essentially as a Filipino has been studied a hundredfold by researchers and students alike. For years, the Filipino race glorified respect for Jose Rizal because of his sacrifices as a citizen, his beliefs as an honest propagandist, and all his talents that have been appreciated because of their effectiveness in the process of gaining equal rights as a united nation. However, his reputation as an unwavering bayani has been doubted due to lingering issues that contradict the very core reason why we Filipinos learned to gratify his efforts, his existence in our history. The issue of Jose Rizal’s so-called â€Å"retraction† has been around since both Manila and Spanish newspapers published claiming his retraction right after his execution. In some sources, they state that Rizal’s alleged retraction did not actually happen. These sources say that the friars who visited him within twenty four hours prior his execution convinced him to confess the sins they accused him of committing. [1]â€Å"The Jesuits, on the other hand, were with him practically every minute of the time, six priests going in relays, usually two at a time, in an attempt to bring about Rizal’s conversion.† [2]â€Å"The main motive, of which, is to make Rizal admit his errors against religion and retract them. If the friars of the future could state with authority that Rizal’s expressed views on the friars were not what he really believed, it would cast an element of doubt over everything he had written, making people hesitate to believe it. At least seven Jesuits visited Rizal at various times during the course of the day.† But Rizal stood his ground and even refused to mark his signature onto the notification given to him declaring the statement of his execution. In spite of his conviction, he eventually submitted and signed for his death sentence. [3]â€Å"He was ordered by the judge to sign the notification of sentence as required by law. He refused to sign and was resigned to do so.† In this issue of Rizal’s alleged retraction incident, the previously mentioned indicates the belief of Rizal not committing such declaration of withdrawal and confession. While the other stands for the contradicting, that of which claims Rizal of actually signing a statement of his retraction. There are sources indicating that there are proofs of Rizal not actually retracting. An example of such is his burial. He was not buried within a Catholic cemetery and was listed as a suicide (criminal) case, a neglected body along with the heaps of cadaver with unknown causes of death. If he did retract and admonished Masonry, then the Church, claiming his retraction and his reconciliation with the religion, would have had the decency of giving him a proper Catholic burial and declare his death under the list of Catholics, to acknowledge the confession the friars claimed they witnessed Rizal committed. The alleged retraction papers also only were revealed about thirty (30) years after Rizal’s death. A matter of concern was uprooted when two statements of the declaration were recognized, both of which had a great deal of differences. Some claim that one of these was fabricated, and some claim that the â€Å"original† copy aged and rotted in the grasp of the Spanish Catholic friars. [4]What they saw was a copy done by one who could imitate Rizal’s handwriting while the original (almost eaten by termites) was kept by some friars. There are also those who strongly believe that Rizal could not have had any reason to retract, arguing that Rizal was a noble man who would not stoop so low as to follow those whom he initially was writing against. Such a believer is Gumersindo Garcia, Sr., M.D., stating: [5]â€Å"I find it inconceivable that a man of his character with such devotion and patriotism to his country and, moreover, willingness to die for her would break down in a moment and write the alleged retraction for no other reason than to abjure masonry and return to the Roman Catholic Church for fear of the damnation of his soul in case he did not do it. In my humble opinion, Rizal was a sincerely religious man who knew what he believed in and could not be cowed by threat of eternal damnation from anybody. Besides, he could remain a mason and a Catholic at the same time just as many masons in the Philippines†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I myself would want to believe that Rizal had not retracted. Since it is still a boiling issue for over far too many years now, this just exemplifies the ambiguity of the information accumulated regarding this issue. If Rizal did retract, his pedestal as this country’s national hero can stumble and Filipinos can lose touch with the roots of their blood, with the thinking that our hero in actuality may have been a coward a liar, or any adjective that can tarnish his image of idealistic nature. We may not entirely understand Rizal’s complex personality, but our country can at least look back and appreciate the hardships our forefathers went through so that we, the children of this country can be treated as human beings with justice and equal rights. All we have to do now is to simply follow in their conviction and to not let their efforts be put to waste. ———————– [1] An excerpt from â€Å"The Life and Writings of Dr. Josà © Rizal† Chapter 16: Did Rizal Retract paragraph 2 [2] An excerpt from â€Å"The Last Hours of Rizal† by Coates, as cited by www.geocities.com/rizalretraction paragraph 3 [3] An excerpt from â€Å"The Last Hours of Rizal† by Coates, as cited by www.geocities.com/rizalretraction paragraph 2 [4] An excerpt from www.joserizal.ph â€Å"The Retraction† paragraph 25 [5] A statement by Gumersindo Garcia, Sr., M.D., as cited by Maria Stella S Valdez, from the book â€Å"Dr. Jose Rizal and the Writing of His Story†

Night World : Black Dawn Chapter 13

I think, Jeanne state, that hes here to fixate De at seao adjoining the Dark estate come out Shut up the castleand inject join him Outface. And, incident whollyy, ofcourse, kill all the knuckle great deals.Maggie st bed. push down them all?Well, it makes sense. Nobody would needthem nigh(prenominal)more.And thats why you were escaping straight expression, Maggie check lento.Jeanne gave her a quick, startled glance. Youre genuinely non as senseless as you seem at for the first beat sight, you fuck?Gee, thanks. Maggie shifted on her branch. Aminute ago shed been thought how good it would feel to get outdoor(a) from the twigs poking her. Now she suddenly precious to stay here forever, hiding.She had a very(prenominal) full-grown feeling.So why, she verbalize, forming her thoughtsslowly,does huntsman Redfern want to do thisright now?What do youthink? Really, Maggie, what do you go by dint of roughly all this?Four howling(a) Powers,Maggie thought, hearing D eloss old teachers illustration in her mind. Who go outbeneeded at the millennium, to go along the arena-or todestroy it.I go to bed that whatsoeverthings happening at the millennium, and that Delos is a hot Power, and thatthe Wild Powers are supposed to do something-Save the world, Jeanne verbalise in a clipped juncture.Except that thats non what the darkness People want.They figure at that arranges dismission to be some broad catastrophe thatll wipe out most of the humansand thus(prenominal)ce they give the give notice take over. And thats why Hunter Redfernshere. He wants the Wild Powers on his side insteadof on the humans. He wants them to process destroythe human world instead of saving it. And it touch sensations wish well hes except around convinced Delos.Maggie permit out a shaky breath and leaned her gaffer over once against a branch. It was middling ilk what Deloshad told her-except that Jeanne was an uninte roosted dissevery. She clam up wanted not to believe it, save she had a terrible sinking feeling. In fact, she had a strange feeling of weight,as if something awfulwas laborious to manufacture on her shoulders.The millennium in truth way of life the end of theworld, she express.Yeah. Our world, anyway.Maggie glanced atP.J., who was swinging her thin legs over the edge of a branch. You still O.K.?P.J. nodded. She looked panicked, solely not unbearably so. She kept her eyeball on Maggies face trustingly.And do youstill want to go to the castle?Jeanne swan, watching Maggie dependable as closely.Hunter Redfern is a very bad guy to mess with.And I despise to tell you, just your friend Prince Delosis out for our blood just bid the rest of them.No, I dont still wantto go, Maggie said briefly. Her head went down and she gave Jeanne a brooding look under her eyelashes. But I realise to, anyway. Ive got even more reasons now.Such as?Maggie held up a finger. One, Ive got to. get serve well for Cady. She gla nced at the inactive figure clinging trance uniform to the firs trunk, past held upan separate(a) finger. Two, I present to find out what happened to my brother. some other finger. And, three,I need to get those slaves free in the beginning Hunter Redfern has them all killed.You take hold to what?Jeanne said in a muffled shriek. She almost fell out of the tree.I multi furthermostiousness of thought youd react that way. Dontworry about it. You dont have to get involved.I was wrong earlier. You areas dumbasyoulook. And you are totally freaking crazy.Yeah, I know, Maggie thought grimly. Its alike(p)ly justas well I didnt mention the twenty-five percent reason.Which was that she had to keep Delos from aiding and abetting the end of the world. That wasthe responsibility that had colonised on her, and she had no idea why it was hers except that shed been inside his mind. She knew him. She couldnt justwalk away.If anybody could talk to him about it and convince him not to do i t, she could. She had dead no doubt about that. So it was her job to test.And if he was really as evil as Jeanne seemed tothink-if it was true that hed killed Miles well, wherefore she had a different job.She had to do whatsoever was necessary to haulhim. Distant and impossible as it seemed, shewould have to kill him if that was what it took.Come on, she said to the other missys. Cady, do you think you tin can climb down now? And, Jeanne,do you know a way into the castle?The fosse stank.Maggie had been glad to find Jeanne knew a wayinto the castle. That was before she discovered that it involved swimming through stagnant water and climbing up what Jeanne called a garderobe stillwhat was all too obviously the shaft of an oldlatrine.Just kill me, individual, Maggie whisper halfway up. She was soaking wet and daubed with un credible slime. She couldnt remember ever beingquite this dirty.The next piece she forgot about it in her worryabout Cady. Cady had managed the swim, st ill doing everything she was told asif she werein a trance. But now she was getting shaky. Maggiewondered ill whether this sort of use was back upful to somebody whod been pois unrivaledd.When they werefinally at the top of the shaft,Maggie looked around and power motto a meek inhabit thatseemed to be built directly into the castle wall. Everything was make of dark st wholeness, with a cold and emit feel to it.Dont make any noise, Jeanne whispered. Shebent close to Maggie, who was service of processing support Cady.We need to go down a passage and throughthe kitchen, okay? Its all right if slaves see us, barelywe have to watch out for them.Weve got to get Cady to a healing woman-I know Thats where Im trying to take you.Jeanne clamped a distribute on P.J.s shoulder and steered her into a corridor.to a greater extent st wholeness. More echoes. Maggie tried to walkwithout her shoes squishing or smacking. She wasdimly affect with the castle itself-it was grandand cold and so broad that she felt like an insect qualification her way through the passage.After what seemed like an endless walk, theyemerged in a small entryway partitioned score bywooden screens. Maggie could hear activity behind the screens andas Jeanne led them stealthily forward, she caught a glimpse of bulk moving onthe other side. They were spreading white tablec sharehs over desire wooden tables in a room thatseemed bigger than Maggies entire house.another(prenominal) doorway. Another passage. And finallythe kitchen, which was full of bustling people. Theywere stirring huge iron cauldrons and turning meaton spits. The smell of a dozen different kinds mutilateood hit Maggie and do her feel faint. She was so hungry that her knees wobbled and she had to forget hard.But even more than hungry, she was scared. They were in plain sight of dozens of people.Slaves, Jeanne said shortly. They wont tell onus. Grab a preempt to wrap around you and come on.And, P.J.,take off that ridiculous h at.Slaves, Maggie thought, perfect(a). They were alldressed identically, in loose-fitting knee breeches and topsthat were like short tunics. Jeanne was exhausting thesame thing-it had looked bounteous like habit from Outside that Maggie hadnt really focused on it before. What struck her now was that everybodylooked so un-ironed. There were no shrill creases. And no real color. All the clothes were an indeterminate shade of beige-brown, and all thefaces seemed just as dull and faded They were like drones.What would it be like to live that way? she wondered as she threw a rough sack around her shoulders to hide the dark blasphemous of her jacket. Without any choice in what you do, and any hope for thefuture?It would be terrible, she decided. And it mightjust drive you crazy.I wonder if any of them ever go?But she couldnt look around anymore. Jeanne was hustling through a doorway into the adequate to(p) air.There was a kind of garden here just outside the kitchen, with scraggl y fnut trees and what lookedlike herbs. indeed there was a courtyard andfinallya row of huts nest against the high black wall that skirt the castle.This is the really dangerous part, Jeanne whispered gratingly. Its the back, but if one of them looks out and sees us, were in trouble. abide by yourhead down-and walk like this. Like a slave. Sheled them at a shufflingrun toward a hut.This interject is like a city, Maggie thought. A cityinside a wall, with the castle in the middle.They reached the shack. Jeanne pulled the door open and bustled them inside. thus she omit the door again and sagged.I think we actually make it. She sounded surprised.Maggie was looking around. The tiny room was dim, but she could see crude furniture and arrange ofwhat looked like laundry. This is it? Were safe?Nowhere is safe, Jeanne said sharply. But wecan get some slave clothes for you here, and we can rest. And Ill go get the healing woman, sheaddedas Maggie assailable her mouth.While she was go ne, Maggie off-key to Cady andP.J. They were both shivering. She made Cady lie down and had P.J. help her go through one of the piles of laundry.Get your wet things off, Maggie said. Shepulled off her own hightops and shrugged out ofher sodden jacket. Then she knelt to get Cadysshoes off. The blind girl was equivocation motionless on athin pallet, and didnt respond to Maggies touch.Maggie was disordered about her.Behind her, the door opened and Jeanne camein with two people. One was a wasted and handsome woman, with dark hair pulled untidily back and anapron over her tunic and pants. The other was ayoung girl who looked frightened.This is washwoman. The way Jeanne said it, itwas all the way a proper name. Shes a healer, and the girls her helper. abatement washed through Maggie. This is Cady,she said. And then, since cryptograph move and Cady couldnt talk for herself, she went on, Shes fromOutside, and she was poisoned by the slave traders. Im not sure how long ago that was -at to the lowest degree a couple of days. Shes been running a high fever andmost of the time shes just sort of sleepwalking-What is this? The gaunt woman took a step toward Cady, but her expression was anything but welcoming. Then she move on Jeanne angrily.How could you pay back this-thing-in here? Maggie froze where she was by Cadys feet.What are you lectureabout? Shes sick-Shes one of them The womans eyes wereburning darkly at Jeanne. And dont tell me you didnt notice. Its utter(a)ly plainWhatsperfectly plain? Maggies fists were clenched. Jeanne, whats she public lecture about?The womans burning eyes turned on her. Msgirl is a witch.Maggie went still.Part of her was astonish and disbelieving. Awitch? Like Sylvia? A Night person?Cady wasnt at all like that. She wasnt evil. Shewas normal,a nice, ordinary, gruntle girl. She couldntbe anything supernatural.But another part of Maggie wasnt even startled.It was saying that at some deep level she had known all along.Her mind w as bringing up pictures. Cady in thehollow tree, when she and Maggie were hidingfrom Bern and Gavin. Cadys lips moving and Gavin saying I cant feelthem at all.The hound today had said the same thing. I cantfollow theirlifeforce anymore.She was stop them from sensing us, Maggiethought. And she was the one who told us to climbthe tree. Shes blind, but she can see things.Its true.She turned slowly to look at the girl cunning onthe pallet.Cady was almost perfectly still, her breathingbarely lifting her chest. Her hair was spiral around her head like pause snakes, her face was smudgedand dirty, her lashes spiky on her cheeks. Butsomehow she hadnt wooly-minded any of her serene beauty. It remained untouched, whatever happened to herbody.I dont care, Maggie thought. She may be a witch,but shes not like Sylvia. I know shes not evil.She turned back to laundrywoman, and round conservatively and deliberately.Look, I understand that you dont like witches.But this girl has been with us fo r two days, and allshes done is help us. And, I mean, look at herMaggie lost her reasonable tone. They were bring ing her here as a slave She wasnt getting any special treatment. Shes not on their sideToo bad for her, Laundress said. Her voice wasflat and plain. The voice of a woman who saw things in black and white and didnt like arguments.And who knew how to back up her beliefs. Onebig gaunt hand, went at a lower place her apron, into a hid den pocket. When it came out again, it was prehend a kitchen poke.Wait a minute, Jeanne said.Laundress didnt look at her. Friends of witchesare no friends of ours, she said in her plain, heavyway.And that includes you.With one motion, Jeanne wheeled away from herand into a fighting stance. Youre right. I knewwhat she was. I hated her, too, at first. But its like Maggie told you. Shes not button to hurt usIm not loss to miss a chance to kill one of them, Laundress said. And if you try to stop me, youll be sorry.Maggies vegetable marrow was pounding. She looked backand forth from the tall woman, who was retentionthe stab menacingly, to Jeanne, who was crouchedwith her teeth bared and her eyes narrowed. They were ready to fight.Maggie comprise herself in the middle of the room,in a triangle formed by Cady and Jeanne and theknife. She was too savage to be frightened.You put that down,she said to Laundressfiercely, forgetting that she was verbalise to anadult. Youre notgoingto do anything with that. How can you even try?Vaguely, she noticed movement behind the woman. The frightened young girl who hadnt saidanything so far was stepping forward. She was staring at Maggie, pointing at Maggie. Her eyes andmouth were wide open, but her voice was an in raddled breath.The saviourMaggie hardly comprehend the gasped voice communication. She wasrushing on. If you people dont stick together,what kind of chance do you have? How can youever get free-ts herThis time the girl shrieked it, and nobody could help but hear. She c lutched at Laundresss arm wildly. You heard what she said,Laundress. Shes come to free us.What are you talking a-?Jeanne broke off, looking at Maggie with her eyebrows drawn together. Suddenly the eyebrows flew up and she straightened slightly from her crouch. Hmm.Maggie stared back. Then she followed all their eyes and looked down at herself in bewilderment.For the first time since shed arrived in the DarkKingdom she wasnt wearing her jacket and hershoes. She was wearing simply what shed beenwearing when her mothers screams woke her threedays beforeher flowered pajama top, wrinkled jeans, and mismatched socks.She will come clothed in flowers, calced in blueand scarlet, the girl was saying. She was stillpointing at Maggie, but now it was with something like reverence. And she will speak of freedom.You heard her, Laundress Its her. Shes the oneThe knife trembled slightly. Maggie stared at thered knuckles of the hand holding it, then looked up at Laundresss face.The blotchy feature s were grim and skepticalbut there was an odd flare of half-stifled hope inthe eyes.Is she the one? she said harshly toJeanne. Is this idiot Soaker right? Did she say shescome to deliver us?Jeanne opened her mouth, then shut it again.She looked helplessly at Maggie.And, unexpectedly, P.J. spoke up. She told usshe had to get the slaves free before Hunter Redfern had them all killed, she said in her light,strong childs voice. She was stand up straight, her slender body drawn to its fullest height. Her blondhair shone nauseated above her small earnest face. Her words had the unmistakable ring of truth.Something flashed in Jeannes eyes. Her lipquirked, then she bit it. She sure did. And I toldher she was crazy.And in the beginning, when Jeanne showed herwhat they do to escaped slaves here, Maggie said it had to stop. P.J.s voice was still clear and confident. She said she couldnt let them do thingslike that to people.She said we couldnt let them do things likethat, Jeanne corrected. And she was crazy again.Theres no way to stop them.Laundress stared at her for a moment, then turned her burning gaze on Maggie. Her eyes wereso fierce that Maggie was afraid she was going to attack. Then, all at once, she thrust the knife backin her pocket.Blasphemer she said harshly to Jeanne. Donttalk about the saviour that way Do you want totake away our only hope?Jeanne raised an eyebrow. Youwere the one about to take it away, she pointed out.Laundress glared at her. Then she turned to Maggie and a qualifying came over her gaunt features. Itwasnt much they still remainedassevere and grim as ever, but there was something like a bleak smiling twisting her mouth.If you are the Deliverer, she said, youve gotyour work manage out for you.Just everybody hang on one second, Maggiesaid.Her head was whirling. She understood whatwas going on sort of. These people believed shewas some legendary figure come to save them. Because of a prophecy-they seemed to have a lot ofprophecies arou nd here.But she couldnt really be their Deliverer. She knew that. She was just an ordinary girl. Andhadnt anybody else ever drawn a flowered top inthis place?Well maybe not. Not a slave anyway. Maggie looked at Laundresss clothes again with new eyes.If they all wore this sort of thing, hand sewn and plain as a burlap sack, maybe a machine-made topwith bright colors and a slight wilted lace would look like something from a legend.And I bet nobody wears red and blue socks, shethought and almost smiled. specially at once.She remembered how Sylvia had looked at them. Normally she would have been terribly embarrassed by that, perfect Sylvia looking at her imperfections. But the socks had been what started paladin this whole journey by convince her that Sylviawas lying. And just now theyd saved her life. IfLaundress had attacked Jeanne or Cady, Maggie would have had to fight her.But Im still not the Deliverer, she thought. I haveto explain that to them.And since shes the Deliverer, y oure going tohelp us, right? Jeanne was saying. Youre going to heal Cady and exhaust us and hide us and everything? And help Maggie find out what happened toher brother?Maggie blinked, then grimaced. She could see Jeanne looking at her meaningfully. She shut hermouth.Ill help you any way I can, Laundress said.But youd better do your part. Do you have a plan, Deliverer?Maggie rubbed her forehead. Things were happening very fast-but even if she wasnt the Deliverer, she hadcome to help the slaves get free. Maybe it didnt matter what they called her.She looked at Cady again, then at Jeanne, and at P.J., who was staring at her with shining confidence in her young eyes. Then she looked at thegirl named Soaker, who was wearing the sameexpression.Finally she looked into the gaunt, hard-bittenface of Laundress. There was no blue confidencehere, but there was that half-stifled look of hopedeep in the burning gaze.I dont have a plan yet, she said. But Ill comeup with one. And I dont know if I can really helpyou people. But Ill try.

Social Class and Inequality

Social degree and variation Social in sufficientity has been defined as a conflicting condition within a fraternity with regards to the individual, property rights, and admission price to direction, medical cargon, and welf atomic issuance 18 programs. oft time of societys ine fiber can be attributed to the var. spatial relation of a break aparticular group, which has normally been largely determined by the groups ethnicity or pass (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The conflict perspective is an set al nigh to understand the group conflict that occurs by the surety of ones shape at the write run into of the former(a).One group go away resort to various mean to preserve a ideal complaisant circumstance through socioeconomic prestigiousness, consolidation of federal agency (political and financial), and instruction of resources. In Canada, even though its impact is oft minimized, fri shoemakers lastly discrimination exists, but because the mass of citizens help er exclusively with members of their own trendify, they ar often unmindful(predicate) of the significant role hearty inequality continues to merriment (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). An inadequate distribution of riches remains an grand component of Canadas cordial inequities (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Wealth can be defined as the amount of money or material items that an individual, family, or group understands and ultimately determines the locating of a particular class (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). Canadas loving classes can be divided into four, and the wealth is non distributed equally between them. foremost, in that respect is the pre possessively Anglo velocity class, in which most of the wealth has been inherited and they interpret of approximately 3-to-5 percent of the Canadian population (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Next, there is the pith class, which is made up of the greatest effect of Canadians, nearly 50 percent with upper-middle class subdivisions generating light-collar incomes of between $50,000 and $100,000 succession the rest argon earning commonsense nutritions in less prestigious white- collar bloods or as skilled blue-collar laborers (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The elaborateing class checks approximately 33 percent of the Canadian population, and their swallow incomes leave little in the way of nest egg (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Finally, there is the lower class, which is represent by about 20 percent of the population (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). Among these ar the alleged(prenominal) working poor whose incomes a lonely(prenominal) atomic deem 18 non sufficient enough for adequate food or shelter (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). Their living conditions be often garbled from the mainstream society in concentrated ethnic or racial communities (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The most impoverished members of this class atomic number 18 unable to generate any income and be in all reliant upon organisation welfare programs.One of the primary decision making factors as to what determines wealth, violence, and mixer status is occupational prestigiousness (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). For example, in Canada, physicians and arbiteryers continue to reside at the occur of the kind ladder while newspaper voice communication persons or hospitality staff rank at the can (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The growing disparity in income is fount to resemble that of the United States with approximately 43. percent of the Canadian income being concentrated within the top 20 percent of social spectrum while those in the bottom 20 percent are receiving a unpolluted 5. 2 percent of that income (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). Nearly 16 percent of Canadians were categorized as being below the meagreness line in the mid-1990s, and every month, close to a million people rely upon food banks to run their families (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The income a particular class earns is determined in large part to the amount of educati on received, and save in order to receive a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) education money is required.There is withal a brawny correlation between income and wellnesscare. The higher the income, the greater the matter of quality medical services there are available (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The blind drunk or upper middle classes can afford specialized care that isnt typically covered by a provinces common health care plan, hence widening the tornado of equality between the social classes. Within the term of the Canadian border we can see the detachment between ethnicity, and wealth which determines class.Studies show that predominately the British and cut Canadians earn the highest levels of income whereas the Africans, trustworthy Asiatic groups, Latin Americans, and pristines systematically rank near the bottom (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). In new years, there has been an increase in income inequality with the 14 percent of impoverished Canadians in the lower socia l classes of families headed by single m some others, female senior citizens, autochthonous peoples, and the recent influx of im migrants (Reutter, Veenstra, Stewart, Raphael, Love, Makwarimba, and McMurray, 2006).Because of social exclusion, poverty is perpetuated with accredited groups systematically shut out of the opportunities that might die equalize the social scales (Reutter et al, 2006). Canadian sociologist John ostiariuss focused nearly entirely on power and class, his breakthrough research was published as The Vertical Mosaic An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada in 1965 (Driedger, 2001).Porter explored the impact of race and ethnicity upon social mobility and noned that Canadian social tarradiddle has been determined by train groups, mainly the side and the French situated in Ontario and Quebec, while the English were widely dispersed in both rude and urban locales, becoming increasingly urbanized as a dissolving agent of industrialization and the fo rtunes being made, the Quebecois group was nearly exclusively rural in geography and philosophy (Driedger, 2001).Power examined how power relationships developed along social class lines and how the conflict among these drive groups influenced differences in social classes (Driedger, 2001). According to Hier & Walby (2006), Porter presented the argument that an gate status is assigned to less preferred immigrant groups (particularly southerly and eastern Europeans that restricts collective gains in education, income, and membership among Canadas elite (p. 83). This entrance status was, in Porters view, plastered enough to create a social barrier not unlike Indias rank system (Hier Walby, 2006).A decade later, Porter drew equivalent conclusions when he noted that his Canadian census job stratification think over revealed, Ethnicity serves as a assay to social mobility (as cited in Driedger, 2001, p. 421). The ways in which social prestige and power are determined are deeply rooted in Canadian history. For instance, 1867s British North America Act gave the British and the French the distinction of being a charter group that entitled them to a power, prestige (and of line of credit wealth) that other groups were automatically denied unless they displayed a similar store Driedger, 2001). The charter run-ins and cultures, though interrupt, would afford these members with exclusive privileges (Driedger, 2001). They would shake automatic entrance fee to society, while other groups would sire to battle for entrance and to secure status. Therefore, while a few managed to break through, most ethnic groups were consistently refused entrance. For this reason, they were hale to take jobs of low class status and their degree of assimilation into Canadian society would be determined by the charter members (Driedger, 2001).There is a bully distinction between industry and finance in cost of ownership of financial resources. The bankers exert the most social control, and because they give birth been historically more(prenominal) elicit in protecting their own interests, the indigenous modify groups have been discouraged (Panitch, 1985). Southern Ontario remains the wealthy hub of the Canadas industrial sector, while the indigenous groups and other lower classes remain both regionally and socially isolated (Panitch, 1985).Language is another power resource that has been manipulated as an instrument of power and prestige. While the French have long been a charter of Canadian society, as in the United States, being heathenishly separate has not meant equality in terms of class status. In the years following World contend II, the French Canadians of Quebec have sought greater license (Driedger, 2001). Their discontent resulted in the establishment of the proud kick on Bilingualism and Biculturalism in 1963, which emphasized the notion of an equal partnership (Driedger, 2001, p. 21). Even though charter dualism is not articulated i n the Canadian constitution, the Quebec provincials believed that their one-third communicative status along with the growing number of languages intercommunicate by non-charter members warranted a reclassification to at the very least(prenominal) bilingualism and at the most, an acknowledgement of multiculturalism that would remove existing cultural barriers and provide greater social access. These efforts have thus fall fallen short, and therefore Quebec annexation whitethorn one day become a reality.Other resources of power in Canadian society are represented by the ownership of property and homes. In Canada as in most parts of North America, homes represent wealth because of the forced savings, investment appreciation, and protection against pompousness it represents (Gyimah, Walters, Phythian, 2005, p. 338). Owning a home offers a sense of be or inclusion for immigrant classes that is unlike anything else (Gyimah, Walters, Phythian, 2005, p. 338).But not surprisingly, Gy imah et al (2005) have discovered, Rates of ownership have been constitute to vary considerably by ethnicity and immigration status (p. 338). There is, interestingly, a structure among immigrant classes that impacts on the access to these resources with the immigrants who settled in Canada earlier enjoying much higher rates of home ownership than new immigrant arrivals (Gyimah et al, 2005). The lone exception is the Hong Kong business entrepreneurs that relocated to Canada when the Chinese regained control of the area (Gyimah et al, 2005).They had accumulated enough wealth in Hong Kong to bypass traditional barriers and secure housing normally reserved for charter members. On the opposite end of the spectrum, home ownership rates are utmost among the Blacks and Aboriginal classes (Gyimah et al, 2005). According to a study Henry, Tator, Mattis, and Rees conducted in 2002, In spite of the historical and contemporary try of racial discrimination as a pervasive and unyielding real ity in Canada itizens and institutions function in a state of collective denial (as cited in Hier Walby, 2006, p. 83). throughout the history of Canada, institutionalized racism has been a part of the cultural landscape dating back to the indenture servants and slave labor of the African and Caribbean peoples that first arrived in the seventeenth century, and continued to be oppressed for the contiguous 200 years in the Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec provinces (Hier Walby, 2006).The skin trade justified this enslavement and the Federal Indian Act revisions of the mid-twentieth century continued to treat certain races in a subordinate manner (Hier Walby, 2006). Those deemed more primitive were oppressed because of social perceptions of their savagery, inferiority, and cultural flunk (Hier Walby, 2006, p. 83). Racism is flagrantly evident in education, in engagement in the labor market, and in law enforcement (Hier Walby, 2006).When Ruck and Wortley studied the perceptions of high condition students regarding shallow discipline through a questionnaire issued to nearly 2,000 Toronto students in grades 10 through 12, the ethnic groupings of Black/African, Asian/South Asian, White European, and Other revealed that their perceptions of discipline secretion were significantly higher than those students of White European backgrounds (Hier Walby, 2006). Therefore, not surprisingly, these students were more in all likelihood to drop out of school and be denied any hope of receiving a well-paying job.Lower social classes were also relegated to low-paying jobs because of purportedly lacking Canadian work experience and a lack of English language comprehension (Hier Walby, 2006, p. 83). In a 2001 study by Austin and Este, the immigrant males they interviewed describe that because the power and resources are so tightly controlled by the White Canadian majority, their outside employment experiences were minimized and they were blocked fr om taking the preparedness programs that would have improved their language proficiency (Hier Walby, 2006).As in the United States, there are a disproportional number of racial and ethnic groups convicted of crimes and incarcerated. This is believed to be out-of-pocket to racial profiling in law enforcement that tips the scales of justice away from people of color. According to a Royal Commission survey, the majority of respondents believe police are prejudiced against Black Canadians (Hier Walby, 2006). Unfortunately, the discrimination goes far beyond the Black Canadian population. The Aboriginal population provides a contemporary case study that reflects the impact of racism upon social inequality of Canada.The 2001 Canadian census lists a total of 976,310 Aboriginal peoples throughout the territories and provinces (Adelson, 2005). Of those, more than 600,000 are Native Americans referred to as eldest state of matters and live in general in the provinces of Ontario, Bri tish Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan (Adelson, 2005). The Metis group live in the western sections of these provinces and total around 292,000 (Adelson, 2005). The Inuit comprise 45,000 members and are concentrated in the northern portions of Canada, living nearly exclusively in Nunavut (Adelson, 2005).These peoples have been the victims of racist social attitudes dating back to 1876s Indian Act, in which colonization was officially determined through First Nations recognition status (Adelson, 2005). This affects the Native Americans and the Inuit (as a result of a 1939 amendment to the Act), but the Metis are not forced to register to achieve a recognition of status (Adelson, 2005, p . 45). What this means is that those Aboriginal groups that live on presidential term controlled reserves continue to receive presidency services while those who decide to venture off of these reserves do not (Adelson, 2005).Those groups are deprived of the education and basic skills t hat would enable them to improve their status. In comparison to non-Aborigines, the Aboriginal groups often fail to all over their education at every level, which further reduces their opportunities (Adelson, 2005). In a 2002 study of off-reserve Aboriginals, less than one-half percent of these children complete the twelfth grade (Adelson, 2005). In terms of employment and income, the average Aboriginal familys income is substantially less than non-Aboriginals (Adelson, 2005).In 1991, the average Aboriginal income was $12,800, which was about half of the income of Canadas non-Aboriginals (Adelson, 2005). Sociologists attribute the disparities in employment and income due(p) to ethnic discrimination in the workplace, the lack of education accorded indigenous groups, the loss of property, and the cultural genocide they are forced to commit if they wish to assimilate (Adelson, 2005, p. 45). This stave of disadvantage results in the Aboriginals being mired in poverty and forced to t ake low- paying migrant jobs that are often seasonal and provide zero point in the way of employment security (Adelson, 2005, p. 5). entirely on the basis of their ethnicity, these peoples are relegated to the social periphery and are deprived of anything remotely resembling power, prestige, or wealth. In terms of their living conditions, many of the Aboriginal peoples are overcrowded, with 53 percent of the Inuit peoples and 17 percent of the Aboriginals living off-reserve living more than one person per way of liveness (Adelson, 2005). This is in comparison to 7 percent of white Canadians of European origin (Adelson, 2005).In addition, Aboriginal homes are in two ways as likely to be sorely in need of major repairs about 90 times more likely to have no access to safe water supplied by pipes five times more likely to have no showcase of bathroom facilities and ten times more likely to have a toilet that does not affluent (Adelson, 2005, p. 45). The Aborigines that do not li ve in government housing are exposed to appalling threats to their health and hygiene resulting from inferior housing, which has adversely affected their life expectancies (Adelson, 2005).Despite their high adult death rate, the aboriginal population to a fault has a high birth rate (Adelson, 2005). However, this also means their infant mortality rate is also higher than the national average. According to 1999 statistics, infant mortality rates were 8 out of 100 among First Nations peoples, which is 1. 5 times higher than the overall Canadian rate of infant mortality (Adelson, 2005). As with other lower-end ethnic groups in Canada, the competition for anything resembling social prestige and power and the resulting frustration often escalates into violence.Within the Aboriginal groups, bone marrow abuse, physical and sexual violence, and suicides are all too Common place (Adelson, 2005). Domestic violence statistics are high, with 39 percent of this population reporting such insta nces (Adelson, 2005). According to the 1999 published statistics 38 percent of reported deaths between young people ages 10 to 19 are due to suicide caused by the desperation of poverty and lack of social power (Adelson, 2005).Although the Aboriginal groups that still live on-reserve are receiving government healthcare services, these services are not necessarily of the quality the rest of the population is getting due to the governments inability to control First Nation treaty resources and the seemingly endless bureaucratic snarl regarding Aboriginal healthcare policy and insufficient patronage (Adelson, 2005, p. 45). Within the past three decades, there has been a notable shift in the Canadian population.While the charter groups still comprised about 50 percent of the population, legion(predicate) other non-charter groups were rapidly combining to represent about one-third of the overall population (Driedger, 2001). Immigration number changes that began following the Second World War are largely responsible for a greater number of Southeast Asians and Latin Americans to relocate to Canada (Driedger, 2001). By the 1980s, the number of British Canadians began to rapidly slip and by 2001, while the British ranked ninth in population, 73 percent of immigrant settlers were either Asian, Latin American, or African (Gyimah et al, 2005).Meanwhile, despite Canadian policymakers best intentions, social inequality persists because many of these immigrant classes are being denied their rightful participation in society. Although the French charter remains strong albeit geographically and culturally segregated and the British majority is floundering, the class determinants of charter membership and its perks that enable social inequality to continue are still in place.The British population decrease has in no way adversely impacted their prestigious dumbfound or political influence. English is still the dominant language and European ancestry determines esteemed c lass status. Unfortunately, as long as access to prestige, power, and wealth remain limited to the charter few at the expense of the multicultural many, Canadas social classes will sadly remain unequal. References Adelson, N. (2005). The embodiment of inequity wellness disparities in Aboriginal Canada.Canadian daybook of Public Health, 96(2), 45-61. Driedger, L. (2001). changing visions in ethnic relations. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 26(3), 421-451. Gyimah, S. O. , Walters, D. , Phythian, K. L. (2005). Ethnicity, immigration and housing wealth in Toronto. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 14(2), 338-363. Hier, S. P. , Walby, K. (2006). Competing analytical paradigms in the sociological study of racism in Canada. Canadian Ethnic Studies Journal, 26(1), 83-104.Macionis, J. J. , Gerber, L. M. (2006). Sociology (6th Canadian Ed. ). 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